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Foreign relations of Guinea

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Politics of Guinea
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Foreign relations

The foreign relations of Guinea, including those with its West African neighbors, have improved steadily since 1985.[1]

Diplomatic history

[edit]

Guinea re-established relations with France and West Germany in 1975, and with neighboring Ivory Coast and Senegal in 1978.[2] Guinea has been active in efforts toward regional integration and cooperation, especially regarding the Organisation of African Unity and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS).[citation needed]

Guinea has participated in both diplomatic and military efforts to resolve conflicts in Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Guinea-Bissau, and contributed contingents of troops to peacekeeping operations in all three countries as part of ECOMOG, the Military Observer Group of ECOWAS.[3] In the 1990s, Guinea hosted almost a million refugees fleeing the civil wars in Sierra Leone and Liberia.[4] As of 2004, Guinea maintained a policy of unrestricted admission to refugees.[4]

Guinea is also a member of the International Criminal Court with a Bilateral Immunity Agreement of protection for the United States military (as covered under Article 98).[5]

2009 ambassador recall

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On 5 May 2009, President Moussa Dadis Camara, who seized power in a bloodless coup which followed the 22 December 2008 death of President Lansana Conté, announced the recall of 30 of Guinea's ambassadors to other countries.[6] The order was made by a presidential decree on state television and was the first major diplomatic move made by the new leader.[6]

The decision affected ambassadors to the United States, South Korea, the People's Republic of China, France, the United Kingdom, Russia, Egypt, South Africa, Italy, Japan, Brazil, Cuba, Switzerland, Serbia, Malaysia, Iran, the United Arab Emirates, Senegal, Nigeria, Libya, Ghana, Algeria, Morocco, Gabon, Liberia, Sierra Leone and Guinea-Bissau, comprising almost all of Guinea's foreign embassies.[6][7][8] The Guinean representatives to the European Union, the United Nations and the African Union were also affected.[6][7]

No reason was stated for the recall.[7] The Tocqueville Connection states: "Most of the ambassadors were appointed by former prime minister Lansana Kouyaté, in office from February 2007 until May 2008,"[7] raising the possibility that the recall was an attempt on the part of Camara to distance himself from the previous government.

In late March 2009, the Guinean ambassador to Serbia faced expulsion for personal involvement in cigarette smuggling (1,000 packs of cigarettes were found in his BMW) but avoided arrest due to diplomatic immunity (although he was declared as persona non grata).[9]

2021 coup d'etat

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The September 5, 2021 coup d'état brought swift condemnation and threats of sanctions from the United Nations, the African Union, the West African regional bloc ECOWAS (which suspended Guinea), and close allies of Guinea—as well as the United States—among others.[10][11][12] China, uncharacteristically, also openly opposed the coup.[13]

Further information: 2021 Guinean coup d'état

Diplomatic relations

[edit]

List of countries which Guinea maintains diplomatic relations with:

# Country Date
1  Russia 4 October 1958[14]
2  North Korea 8 October 1958[15]
3  Vietnam 9 October 1958[16]
4  Albania October 1958[17]
5  Romania 14 November 1958[18]
6  Ghana 1958[19]
7  Bulgaria 2 January 1959[20]
8  Israel 12 January 1959[21]
9  France 21 January 1959[22]
10  United States 13 February 1959[23]
11  Czech Republic 14 February 1959[24]
12  Hungary 26 February 1959[25]
13  Liberia 6 March 1959[26]
14  United Kingdom 28 May 1959[27]
15  Poland 29 June 1959[28]
16  Germany 30 July 1959[29]
17  China 4 October 1959[30][31]
18  Serbia 10 November 1959[32][33]
19  Italy 5 December 1959[34]
20  Egypt 1959[35][36]
21  Morocco 1959[37]
22  Netherlands 1959[38]
23  Belgium 28 January 1960[39]
24  Mongolia 22 April 1960[40]
25  Indonesia 27 April 1960[41]
26  Lebanon 3 June 1960[42]
27  India 8 July 1960[43]
28   Switzerland 19 July 1960[44]
29  Cuba 30 August 1960[45]
30  Mali 3 March 1961[46]
31  Ivory Coast 21 March 1961[47]
32  Saudi Arabia 15 May 1961[48]
33  Senegal 9 June 1961[49]
34  Finland 19 July 1961[50]
35  Norway 21 July 1961[51]
36  Sudan 24 August 1961[52]
37  Nigeria August 1961[53]
38  Togo 7 September 1961[54]
39  Sierra Leone 20 October 1961[55]
40  Denmark 1 December 1961[56]
41  Mexico 25 January 1962[57]
42  Benin 26 February 1962[58]
43  Niger 20 March 1962[59]
44  Canada 28 March 1962[60]
45  Ethiopia 22 June 1962[61]
46  Tunisia 30 June 1962[62]
47  Mauritania 15 August 1962[63]
48  Japan 9 September 1962[64]
49  Luxembourg 12 September 1962[65]
50  Turkey 11 October 1962[66]
51  Sweden 26 November 1962[67]
52  Chile 26 August 1963[68]
53  Cameroon 13 September 1963[69]
54  Burkina Faso 1963[70][71]
55  Pakistan 1963[72]
56  Algeria 24 January 1964[73]
57  Kuwait 12 March 1964[74]
58  Argentina 8 September 1964[75]
59  Iraq 18 October 1964[76]
60  Syria 29 November 1964[77]
61  Spain 10 February 1965[78]
62  Venezuela 16 March 1965[79]
63  Jordan 17 May 1966[80]
64  Uganda 22 July 1966[81]
65  Tanzania 22 December 1966[82]
66  Austria 1966[83]
67  Democratic Republic of the Congo 1966[84]
68  Kenya 14 June 1967[85]
69  Burundi 28 June 1967[86]
70  Rwanda 28 June 1967[87]
71  Zambia 10 November 1967[88]
72  Libya 26 March 1968[89]
73  Republic of the Congo 1 July 1968[90]
74  Chad 29 August 1968[91]
75  Guyana 8 June 1970[92]
76  Iran 26 April 1971[93]
77  Gambia 6 August 1971[94]
78  Madagascar 26 December 1972[95]
79  Panama 29 March 1973[96]
80  Mauritius 29 October 1973[97]
81  Trinidad and Tobago 1973[98]
82  Bahrain 5 January 1974[99]
83  Guinea-Bissau 12 February 1974[100]
84  Brazil 4 September 1974[101]
85  Peru 8 January 1975[102]
86  Jamaica 30 January 1975[103]
87  Mozambique 25 June 1975[104]
88  Cape Verde 8 July 1975[105]
89  Angola 11 November 1975[106]
90  Gabon 30 October 1976[107]
91  Equatorial Guinea 1977[108]
92  Eswatini 1977[109]
93  Greece 1977[110]
94  Djibouti 7 August 1978[111]
95  Seychelles 1978[112]
96  Portugal 2 January 1979[113]
97  Lesotho 1 November 1979[114]
98  Malta 30 March 1980[115]
99  Zimbabwe 30 April 1980[116]
100  Oman 17 February 1981[117]
101  Comoros 11 August 1981[118]
102  Laos 15 October 1981[119]
103  Malaysia 29 September 1982[120]
104  Philippines 8 October 1982[121]
105  Haiti 10 January 1983[122]
106  Maldives 8 April 1983[123]
107  Thailand 15 April 1983[124]
108  Nicaragua 5 July 1983[125]
109  Bangladesh 27 February 1985[126]
—  Holy See 21 June 1986[127]
—  Sovereign Military Order of Malta 24 June 1986[128]
110  Qatar 1 January 1988[129]
111  Colombia 30 September 1988[130]
112  Sri Lanka 6 August 1991[131]
113  Estonia 10 February 1992[132]
114  Moldova 16 February 1992[133]
115  Azerbaijan 11 March 1992[134]
116  Belarus 4 April 1992[135]
117  Kazakhstan 4 April 1992[136]
118  Ukraine 4 April 1992[137]
119  Lithuania 27 April 1992[138]
120  Armenia 27 August 1992[139]
121  Guatemala 12 February 1993[140]
122  Slovakia 16 March 1993[141]
123  Cambodia 6 June 1993[142]
124  Uzbekistan 24 June 1993[143]
125  Tajikistan 27 December 1993[144]
126  South Africa 16 February 1995[145]
127  United Arab Emirates 2 June 1995[146]
128  Bosnia and Herzegovina 9 April 1996[147]
129  Slovenia 11 December 1996[148]
130  Latvia 17 January 1997[149]
131  North Macedonia 28 November 1997[150]
132  Croatia 8 December 1997[151]
133  Georgia 31 July 1998[152]
134  Namibia 18 September 2002[153]
135  Iceland 14 May 2004[154]
136  Australia 2004[155]
137  South Korea 28 August 2006[156]
138  Suriname 28 August 2006[157]
139  Montenegro 17 November 2006[158]
140  Botswana 20 April 2007[159]
141  Uruguay 19 June 2007[160]
142  Dominican Republic 28 September 2007[161]
143  Costa Rica 1 October 2007[162]
144  Ireland 30 June 2008[163]
145  Fiji 27 January 2011[164]
146  Solomon Islands 11 August 2011[165]
147  Kyrgyzstan 8 September 2015[166]
148  Liechtenstein 11 December 2015[167]
149  Singapore 24 February 2016[168]
150  New Zealand 20 April 2016[169]
151    Nepal 12 May 2016[170]
152  Myanmar 6 June 2017[171]
153  Eritrea 8 February 2019[172]
—  Kosovo 20 February 2020[173]
154  Bolivia Unknown
155  Brunei Unknown
156  Central African Republic Unknown
157  Cyprus Unknown
158  Ecuador Unknown
—  State of Palestine Unknown
159  São Tomé and Príncipe Unknown[174]
160  Somalia Unknown[175]
161  South Sudan Unknown
162  Yemen Unknown

Bilateral relations

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Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Australia 2004 Both countries established diplomatic relations in 2004[155]
  • Australia and Guinea share close interests in the mining sector. They are the two largest bauxite producers in the world (see List of countries by bauxite production) and were founding signatories in the 1970s of the (now defunct) International Bauxite Agreement. Australian companies are involved in developing the Guinean mining sector.
  • Guinea is accredited to Australia, through its embassy in Tokyo.[176]
  • Australia is accredited to Guinea, through its embassy in Accra, Ghana.[177]
 Benin 26 February 1962 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 February 1962 when first Ambassador of Guinea to Dahomey Mr. Leon Maka presented his credentials to President Maga.[58]
 Canada 28 March 1962 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 March 1962[60]
 Chad 29 August 1968 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 August 1968 when Guinea's first Ambassador to Chad, Mr. Filly Cissoko, presented his credentials to President Tombolbaye[91]
 China 4 October 1959 See China–Guinea relations

The People's Republic of China and the Republic of Guinea established diplomatic relations on October 4, 1959, making Guinea the first country in Sub-Saharan Africa to establish formal relations with China.[31] China has become heavily dependent upon Guinea for bauxite (aluminum ore) -- Guinea's principal export—consuming half of it.[13]

 Comoros 11 August 1981 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 August 1981 when Ambassador of Guinea M. Moussa Doumbouya, has presented his credentials to President of Comoros M. Ahmed Abdallah Abderemane.[118]
 Republic of Congo 1 July 1968 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 July 1968 when Guinea's Ambassador to the Congo Republic, M. Fily Sissoko, presented his credentials to President Massamba-Debat.[90]
 Cote d'Ivoire 21 March 1961 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 March 1961,[47] was were broken in September 1973 and re-established on 14 April 1978[180]
 France 21 January 1959 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 January 1959 and appointed M. Nobi Youla as first ambassador of Guinea to France and M. Francis Hure appointed as chargé d'affaires of France to Guinea[22]
  • France has an embassy in Conakry.[181]
  • Guinea has an embassy in Paris.[182]
 Germany 30 July 1959 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 July 1959[29]

See Germany–Guinea relations

  • Germany has an embassy in Conakry.
  • Guinea has an embassy in Berlin.
 Ghana 1958
 Haiti 10 January 1983 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 January 1983 when first Ambassador of Guinea to Haiti (resident in New York) Mr. Alpha Ibrahima Diallo presented his credentials to President Jean Claude Duvalier[122]
 Indonesia 27 April 1960 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 April 1960[41]
  • Indonesia's embassy in Dakar, Senegal is accredited to Guinea.
  • Guinea's embassy in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia is accredited to Indonesia.[184]
 Israel 12 January 1959 See Guinea–Israel relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 January 1959.[21] Guinea broke off diplomatic relations with Israel on 12 June 1967[185] They resumed diplomatic relations on 20 July 2016[186]

 Liberia 6 March 1959 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 March 1959 when Mr. Edward Peal, the Liberian Ambassador to the Republic of Guinea, presented his credentials to President S. Toure.[26]
  • Guinea has an embassy in Monrovia, which was opened in 1959.[19]
  • Liberia has an embassy in Conakry.
 Malaysia 1993 Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1993.[187]
 Mexico 25 January 1962 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 January 1962[57]
 Namibia 18 September 2002 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 September 2002 when has been accredited non-resident Ambassador of Guinea to Namibia Mr. Alexandre CeCe Loua.[153]
 North Korea 8 October 1958 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 October 1958[15]
  • North Korea has an embassy in Conakry.
 Rwanda 28 June 1967 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 June 1967 when Guinean ambassador to Rwanda M. Fily Cissoko, has presented his credentials to President Kiyibanda.[87]
 Serbia 10 November 1959 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 November 1959[32][33]
  • Serbia is accredited to Guinea, through its embassy in Algiers, Algeria.
  • Guinea has an embassy in Belgrade.[191]
 Sierra Leone 20 October 1961 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 October 1961 when Mr. Abdoul Karim, Ambassador of Sierra Leone to Guinea presented his credentials to President Sekou Toure.[55]
 Somalia
 South Korea 28 August 2006
  • Diplomatic relations between the Republic of Korea and Guinea were established on 28 August 2006.[156] The number of South Koreans living in Guinea in 2011 was 70.[193]
  • Guinea is accredited to South Korea, through its embassy in Tokyo.[176]
  • South Korea is accredited to Guinea, through its embassy in Dakar, Senegal.
 Sudan 24 August 1961 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 August 1961 when first Guinean Ambassador to Sudan (resident in Cairo) Mr. Seydou Diallo, presented his credentials to Presidenr Abbud[52]
 Turkey 11 October 1962 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 October 1962[66]
 Uganda 22 July 1966 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 July 1966 when the Guinean Ambassador to Uganda, M. B. Biro, presented his credentials to President Obote.[81]
 United Arab Emirates 2 June 1995 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 June 1995[146]
 United Kingdom 28 May 1959 See Foreign relations of the United Kingdom

Guinea established diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 28 May 1959.[27]

  • Guinea maintains an embassy in London.
  • The United Kingdom is accredited to Guinea through its embassy in Conakry.[195]

Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact,[196] and the World Trade Organization.

 United States 13 February 1959 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 February 1959[23]

See Guinea – United States relations

Guinea became the first French African colony to gain independence, on 2 October 1958, at the cost of the immediate cessation of all French assistance.

After a temporary suspension due to nationwide political unrest in early 2007, the Peace Corps program in Guinea resumed operations at the end of July. Prior to the suspension, Peace Corps had more than 100 volunteers throughout the country, and the program is gradually increasing its numbers again. Volunteers work in four project areas: secondary education, environment/agro-forestry, public health and HIV/AIDS prevention, and small enterprise development. Guinea has also had a strong Crisis Corps program through the last few years.

The U.S. "condemned" Guinea's "2008 military coup d'etat,"—but had "close relations" with Guinea before the coup, and after "Guinea's presidential elections in 2010"—in support of "democratic reform."[197] However, the U.S. State Department immediately condemned the September 5, 2021 coup d'état, warning against "violence and any extra-constitutional measures, [which] could limit the ability of the United States and Guinea's other international partners to support the country..."[10][11]

 Vietnam 9 October 1958 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 October 1958[16]
  • Guinea is the first country in Africa to establish formal diplomatic relations with Vietnam.
  • Vietnam's embassy in Rabat, Morocco is accredited to Guinea.
  • Guinea's embassy in Beijing, China is accredited to Vietnam.[200]
 Zambia 10 November 1967 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 November 1967 when the first Guinean Ambassador to Zambia, Mr. Fily Cissoko, presented his credentials to President Kaunda[88]
 Zimbabwe 30 April 1980 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 April 1980 when first Ambassador of Guinea to Zimbabwe presented his credentials.[116]

See also

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References

[edit]
  1. ^ Background Note: Guinea, US Department of State, February 2009
  2. ^ "Guinea". Ministry of Foreign Affairs, People's Republic of China (in Chinese (China)). Retrieved 31 January 2022. 1978年，几分别与塞内加尔和科特迪瓦重新互派大使并签订友好合作条约。
  3. ^ ECOMOG: peacekeeper or participant?, BBC News Online, February 11, 1998
  4. ^ a b Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "UNHCR Global Report 2004 - Guinea". UNHCR. Retrieved 2021-05-05.
  5. ^ Status of US Bilateral Immunity Agreements (BIAs). Coalition of the International Criminal Court
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  8. ^ "World Digest". Hometown Annapolis. 6 May 2009. Archived from the original on 14 February 2012. Retrieved 7 May 2009.
  9. ^ Ambasador Gvineje švercovao cigarete
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  32. ^ a b Summary of the Yugoslav Press. Joint Translation Service. 1959. p. 18.
  33. ^ a b G. Fischer, L. Focsaneanu, J. F. Juilliard. "Chronologie des faits internationaux d'ordre juridique. Annuaire Français de Droit International / Année 1960 / 6 /". persee.fr (in French). p. 1085. Retrieved 30 November 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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  38. ^ Ahmed Sékou Touré (1959). L'action politique du Parti démocratique de Guinée (in French). Présence Africaine. p. 129. Liste de messieurs les chefs des missions diplomatiques accredites aupres de la Republique de Guinee au 1er Juillet 1959: ... Ambassadeur des Pays - Bas : S. E. M. LOUIS NOE
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  43. ^ Indian Information. 1960. p. 490.
  44. ^ "No 1631. Nomination de M. René Keller en qualité d'ambassadeur extraordinaire et plénipotentiaire de la Confédération suisse au Ghana, en Guinée, au Libéria et au Togo, avec résidence à Accra; sa promotion au grade de ministre de II classe". dodis.ch (in French). Retrieved 19 May 2023.
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  47. ^ a b "Allocution de sem Alassane Ouattara, a l'occasion du dejeuner offert en l'honneur de son excellence professeur Alpha Conde, President de la Republique de Guinee, en visite officielle en Cote d'Ivoire". presidence.ci (in French). Retrieved 10 May 2023.
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  49. ^ L'Afrique et l'Asie Issues 53-60 (in French). Université de Paris, Centre de hautes études administratives sur l'Afrique et de l'Asie modernes. 1961. p. 72. 9 Juin ... La veille, l'ambassadeur de Guinée au Sénégal, nouvellement nommé, avait présenté ses lettres de créance au président Senghor.
  50. ^ "Guinea". Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland. Archived from the original on 6 October 2016. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
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  53. ^ Africa Trade and Development Volumes 2-4. 1960. p. 15. August 1961 ... Nigeria and Guinea exchange ambassadors Mr. Camara Oumar Dinn is to be Ambas- sador to Nigeria on the recommendation of the President of Guinea, and Mr. Nathan- iel Adepayin Martins ...
  54. ^ Europe, France outremer Issues 371-381 (in French). 1960. p. 73. ... M. Léon Maka, ambassadeur de Guinée au Togo, et M. Anvar Marassoulovich Kouchkarov, ambassadeur de l'U.R.S.S . au Togo, ont présenté leurs lettres de créance au président Olympio.
  55. ^ a b Europe, France outremer - Issues 382-392 (in French). 1961. p. 61.
  56. ^ "Kongelig dansk Hof- og Statskalender 1963" (PDF) (in Danish). p. [22]. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
  57. ^ a b "Hoy conmemoramos el 61 aniversario de relaciones diplomáticas entre México y Guinea". Relaciones Exteriores (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 May 2023.
  58. ^ a b Europe, France outremer - Issues 382-392 (in French). 1961. p. 64.
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  60. ^ a b "A Guide to Canadian Diplomatic Relations 1925-2019". Canadian Global Affairs Institute. Retrieved 7 May 2023.
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  62. ^ Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts Issues 130-131. United States. Central Intelligence Agency. 1962. p. 9. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
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  64. ^ Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts Issues 176-177. United States. Central Intelligence Agency. 1962. p. 16.
  65. ^ "Bulletin de documentation_1962_8" (PDF). sip.gouvernement.lu (in French). p. 18. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
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